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Flies
There are over 7,500 species of flies in Australia and they exploit a wide range of food sources. Various species may be found breeding in vegetation, soil, decaying organic matter, in water, in foods for human consumption and as parasites in other animals. Their are four stages in their life cycle, eggs, larvae, pupa and flies. Adult flies are small to medium in size and have only two wings, they have compound eyes and small antennae. Their mouthparts are for sucking or piercing. Larvae are legless and mostly maggot-like in appearance, and the pupa is is usually barrel shaped and immobile. The population of flies depends largely on the climate and seasonal conditions and also the availibility of a breeding site. Flies travel no more than 50 metres from their breeding site. Flies pose a threat to public health, there structure and habits efficiently transmit disease to humans, the list of diseases that flies can transmit are numerous, these include, salmonela (food poisoning) dysentery, typhoid fever, cholera, hepatitis, tuberculosis, poliomyelitis, and various parasitic worms.
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Mosquitoes
Mosquitoes are small, delicate insects, adult mosquitoes are usually about 3-6mm long, slender, long legged, narrow winged and equipped with piercing and sucking mouthparts. Their larvae are aquatic, their pupae appear oval shaped with a tail like abdomen. The female mosquito requries a blood meal before egg production, the eggs are usually laid on the surface of water or on surfaces that will be wet. Adult males are short lived and mostly feed on nectars and plant secretions, they may live for several weeks, they pierce the skin of a variety of animals for blood sucking. Adult mosquitoes may remain close to their breeding site but can travel several kilometres, depending on the species. In Australia, mosquitoes have been responsible for the transmission of malaria, dengue fever, yellow fever, encephalitis and filariasis.
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Lice
There are approximately 200 species of lice in Australia, they are usually 1.5 - 3.5mm long, they wingless and they have a flat body. Human body lice have played a significant role in the transmission of disease, such as typhus, which have changed the course of wars. In Australia head lice and crab lice are common, and treatment lice infestation is usually under the direction of health authorities. Lice go through three stages in their life cycle, eggs usually known as nits glue to the host's hair or clothing. The eggs usually hatch in 5-10 days as nymphs which feed on blood from the host before reaching maturity, the life cycle may take 3-4 weeks. Lice spend their whole life on their host, surviving only a short time if separated from it. Head lice infest the head of the human host whereas crab lice infest the pubic region.
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